User survey conducted at the Medical Library of the University of Limburg at Maastricht

1) There is an extensive literature on problem-based learning. Among the more significant are Neufeld, V ~ Barrows, H.S. The McMaster philosophy. An approach to medical education. J. Med. Ed..:4.s. (1974) 1040-1050; Schmidt, H.G. Problem-based learning; rationale and description. Medical Education 1Z (1983) 11-16; Barrows, H.S. .ind Tamblyn, A.M. Problem-based learning: rationale and description. ill Problem-based learnino: an accroach to medical education. New York: Springer, 1980; pp.1-18; Neame, A.L.B. Towards independent learning: curricular design for assisting students to learn how to learn. J. Med. Educ. .§..2 (1981) 886-893; Walton, H.J. ~ Matthews, M.B. Essentials of problem-based learning. Med. Educ. .2.J (1989) 542-558. Albanese, M.A. ~ Mitchell, S. Problem-based learning: a review of literature on its outcomes and implementation issues. Acad. Med. 68 (1993) 52-81, is a useful synopsis. Descriptions of aspects of the Maas- tricht curriculum are given in Schmidt, H.G., Boshuizen H.P.A. ~ de Vries, M. Comparing problem-based with conventional education; a review of the University of Limburg Medical School experiment. Annals of Communitv- Oriented Education.§. (1992) 1 93-1 98; Majoor, G.D. Introspection at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Limburg. loc.cit. pp. 199- 207; Greep, Jacobus M. Perspective of the Academic Hospital. Annals J(II) S25-S31; Majoor, G.D. ~ Snelien-Balendong, H.A.M. Curriculum revision: renovation of an innovati- ve approach. loco cit. pp. S331-S336; Post, G.J., de Graaf, E..and Drop, M.J. Efficiency of a primary-care curriculum. Annals 1 (1988) 25-31; Verwijnen, M. ~. The evaluation system at the medical school of Maastricht. Assessment and Evaluation in Hiaher Education 1(3) (1982) 225-244.

2) Barrows, H.S. A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods. Med. Educ. 2..Q (1986) 481-486.

3) The health sciences curriculum is described by de Voider, M.L..2.!J.2 Thung, P.J., Implementing a problem-based curriculum: a new social health programme at the University of Limburg, the Netherlands. Onderzoek van Onderwiis 1.6. (1982).

4) Geerligs, T. StudielandschaD en studeeraedraa van studenten in de FdGW (The learning resource centre and the study behaviour of health sciences students). Unpublished, 1990.

5) Dolmans, D.H.J.M. ~. The relationship between student-generated learning issues and self-study in problem-based learning. Submitted for publication; Dolmans, D.H.J.M. 2!!2 Schmidt, H.G. What drives the learning in problem-based education? Draft; not yet submitted for publication.

6) e.g., Bookstein, A. Questionnaire research in a library setting. J. Acad. Librarianshio

11(1) (1985) 24-28; Butler, M. ~ Gratch, B. Planning a user study--the process defined.

Colleae and Research Libraries ~ (1982) 320-330; Gothburg, H.M. The library survey: a research methodology rediscovered. Colleae and Research Libraries.5.1 (1990) 553-559;

Martin, L.A. User studies and library planning. Librarv Trends ~ (1976) 483-496; Phillips, L.L. ~ Lyons, W. Analyzing library survey data using factor analysis. Colleae and Research Libraries.§.1 (1990) 483-489; Schlichter, D ~ Pemberton, J.M. The emperor's new clothes? Problems of the user survey as a planning tool in academic libraries. Colleae and Research Libraries ~ (1992) 257-265. The subject is treated thoroughly in standard works on research methods in librarianship.

7) e.g.,Moore, M. Innovation and education: unlimited potential for the teaching library. Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc.1Z(1) (1989) 26-32; Allegri, F. Course-integrated instruction: meta- morphosis for the twenty-first century. Medical Reference Services Quarterlv, ~(4) (1985- 6) 47-66; Dorsch, J.L. A multidisciplinary approach to information and critical appraisal instruction. Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 1.8.(1) (1990) 38-44; Graves, K.J. R.!1Q Selig, S.A. Library instruction for medical students. Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 1,4.(2) (1986) 126-130; 25 -

Strickland-Hodge, B. Orientation and training of preclinical medical students in the use of

the library. Health Libraries Review.:4 (1987) 238-243; Loftin, J.E. Library orientation and library instruction for medical students. Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 71 (2) (1983) 207-209; Port, Jane S. Continuing education in information retrieval techniques for clinicians. Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. .6..6.(2) (1980) 238-240.

8) e.g., Ten Cate, Th.J. ~., Senior medical students' knowledge of basic concepts of clinical epidemiology and biostatistics; the ability to interpret medical literature. 10. W. Bender gut. Teachino and assessino clinical comDetence. Groningen: Boekwerk, 1990. pp. 266-269; DaRosa, D.A. .§:l.i!. A study of the information-seeking skills of medical students and physician faculty. J.Med.Educ..§..8. (1983) 45-50; Friedlander, J. Clinical search for information. JASIS (1973) 65-69; Northup, D.E. ~. Characteristics of clinical informati- ons searching: investigation using critical incident technique. J. Med. Educ. .§..8. (1983) 873- 881.

9) This is reviewed lucidly in Powell, Ronald R. The relationship of library user studies to performance measures: a review of the literature. UniversitY of Illinois Graduate School of Library and Information Science Occasional Pacers ill (1988); see also Rees, A.M.

Medical libraries and the assessment of user needs. Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. .5..:4(2) (1966) 99-103.

10) Esteve-Coli, E. Marketing and the academic library. Information and Librarv Manaaer.2 (1985) 59-65; Ford, V. PR: the state of public relations in academic libraries. Colleae and Research Libraries.4.2 (1985) 395-401; Miller, L. Liaison work in the academic library. B.Q 12 (1977) 213-215; Murphy, Kurt R. Marketing and library management. Librarv administ- ration and manaaement.2 (1991) 151-158; Schloman, B.F., Lilly, R. i!!.d. Hu, W. Targeting liaison activities; use of a faculty survey in an academic research library. B..Q (1989) 496-505.

11) Ambrose, K. 2!!Q Ambrose, L. Improving library effectiveness through a sociophysical analysis. Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 65(4) (1977) 438-442.

12) The following represents an attempt to be exhaustive: Anderson, S., Camp, M.G. §.D.Q

Philp, J.R. Library utilization by medical students in a traditional or problem-based curricu- lum. In Bender §U!., OD. cit., pp. 77-79; Blumberg, P.A. ~ Michael, J.A. Development of self-directed learning behaviors in a partially teacher-directed problem-based learning

curriculum. Teachina and learnina in Medicine ,:4(1) (1992) 3-8; Matheson, N.W. ~

Cooper, J.A.D. Academic information in the academic health science center: roles for the

library in information management. J. Med. Ed. (1982) pt.ll, 1-93 (pp.37-39 deal with user

education); Neufeld, V. ~ Spaulding, W.B. Use of learning resources at McMaster

University.~.J (1973) 99-101; Rankin, J. Problem-based medical education: effect on

library use. Bull. Med. libr. Assoc. ~(1) 37-43; Rankin, J.A. Preparing medical libraries for

use by students in PBl curricula. Acad. Med. §..B.(3) 205-206; Saunders, K., Northup, D.E.

~ Mennin, S.P. The library in a problem-based curriculum. In Kaufman, A. ~.,

Implementing problem-based medical education. New York: Springer, 1985; Stevenson, A.

Information for innovation. Australian SDecial libraries News 15(3) (1983) 89-91.

library policy regarding the Sl is enunciated in Bessems, A., van den Hoogen, H. i!ld. Niesten, P. die lands hen: Rl- n rwlsvoorzi nin in e oar n ' (learning resource centres: University of limburg educational provision in the 1990's), 1989.

13) Brember, V.L. ~ Leggate,P. Linking a medical user survey to management for library effectiveness: 1. the user survey.~. !I(1) (1985) 1-14; Matching user needs in health care. Aslib Proceedinos .J,4(2) (1982) 90-91.

14) Port, S. The Mount Sinai Medical Center Library user survey. Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc ~(2) (1977) 289-290.

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15) Chitnik, S. U$age of a central psychiatric library. Australian SDecial Libraries News 11(2) (1978) 50-56.

16) Budd, J. i!!.Q DiCarlo, M. Measures of user evaluation at two academic libraries: prolegomena. Library Research .4 (1982) 71-84.

17) Sellen, M.K., Jirouch, J. Perceptions of library use by faculty and students: a

comparison. Colleae and Research Libraries § (1984) 259-267.

18) Davis, B.B. User needs; the key to changing library services and policies. Bull. Med.

Libr. Assoc. ~ (1975) 195-198

19) Ebenezer, C.M. Librarv user survey proposal. phase two: Questionnaire survey/direct observation studies. Unpublished, September 1993.

20) Some difficulties are apparently caused by the failure of the faculty office to provide lists of new students in good time.

21) Ct. Moore,~. (note 7 above),

22) Cf. Jung, C. ~., Pathfinders: an intellectual guide to libraries, ERIC Document no. IR 52161. Castleton State College, 1987.